Manic depression is a medical condition caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain and marked by significant changes in mood, thought, energy and behavior. Although the direct cause of the illness is unclear, it is known that genetic, biochemical and environmental factors play a role. Manic depression is also known as bipolar disorder because a person's mood can alternate between the "poles" of mania (highs) and depression (lows). This change in mood or "mood swing" can last for hours, days, weeks, or months.

Bipolar disorder affects more than 2.7 million adult Americans. An equal number of men and women develop this illness; and it is found among all ages, races, ethnic groups and social classes. The illness tends to run in families and appears to have a genetic link.

Bipolar disorder differs significantly from clinical depression, although the symptoms for the depressive phase of the illness are similar. Mood swings between "high" and "low" can be severe, ranging from extreme energy to deep despair.

Symptoms of mania - the "highs" of bipolar disorder include:

• Increased physical and mental activity and energy
• Heightened mood, exaggerated optimism and self-confidence
• Excessive irritability, aggressive behavior
• Decreased need for sleep without experiencing fatigue
• Grandiose delusions, inflated sense of self-importance
• Racing speech, racing thoughts, flight of ideas
• Impulsiveness, poor judgment, distractibility (which may lead to "spending sprees", sexual promiscuity, high-risk business ventures)
• Reckless behavior (driving, etc.)
• In the most severe cases, delusions and hallucinations

Symptoms of depression - the "lows" of bipolar disorder

• Prolonged sadness or unexplained crying spells
• Significant changes in appetite and sleep patterns
• Irritability, anger, worry, agitation, anxiety
• Pessimism, indifference
• Loss of energy, persistent lethargy
• Feelings of guilt, worthlessness
• Inability to concentrate, indecisiveness
• Inability to enjoy former interests, social withdrawal
• Unexplained aches and pains
• Complete inability to function in society
• Recurring thoughts of death or suicide

Many people do not seek medical attention during periods of mania because they feel manic symptoms (increased energy, heightened mood, increased sexual drive, etc.) have a positive impact on them. However, left unchecked, these behaviors can have harmful results. When symptoms of mania are left untreated, they can lead to illegal or life-threatening situations, because mania often involves impaired judgment and reckless behavior.

Several therapies exist for bipolar disorder, and promising new treatments are currently under investigation. Treatment may include psychopharmacologic medications and/or psychotherapy/counseling.

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